總結(jié)是在一段時間內(nèi)對學(xué)習和工作生活等表現(xiàn)加以總結(jié)和概括的一種書面材料,，它可以促使我們思考,，我想我們需要寫一份總結(jié)了吧。怎樣寫總結(jié)才更能起到其作用呢,？總結(jié)應(yīng)該怎么寫呢,？那么下面我就給大家講一講總結(jié)怎么寫才比較好，我們一起來看一看吧,。

雅思寫作方法總結(jié)一

首先,，當然是詞匯。任何一篇內(nèi)容相對復(fù)雜的閱讀文章,，都不可避免地出現(xiàn)大量生僻詞語或者是難度相對較大的單詞,。從文章的選材而言，范圍是十分豐富的,，主要來自世界各國主要的英文報刊雜志,，內(nèi)容涉及任何一個國家的文化、經(jīng)濟,、自然和科技等,。而IELTS考試所考查的，是實際運用語言的能力,，所以在考試中真正需要理解的單詞,，或是題目中真正考查到的單詞，往往是英語閱讀中的一些最核心的單詞,。這些單詞雖然數(shù)量不多,，難度不大，但卻是必須掌握的,。就考試而言,，掌握6000左右的常用詞匯，即大學(xué)六級大綱中所要求的詞匯是必須的,。

第二,，復(fù)雜的句型結(jié)構(gòu),。有些同學(xué)的詞匯量已經(jīng)達到了6000左右，但是依然感覺讀不懂文章,，這就是因為文章中充斥著大量結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜難以把握的復(fù)雜句,。如：The challenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption of shared responsibility between men and women, and a presumption that there are potential benefits for men and women, as well as for families and the community, if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures of family life. 這是一個相對復(fù)雜的句子,，主干是the challenge now is to develop policies and practices, 從based on到句子的結(jié)尾處是由過去分詞短語充當?shù)臓钫Z,。后一個presumption后面有一個由that引導(dǎo)的從句，充當presumption的同位語,。在同位語的后面,，有一個if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。一般而言,，對同學(xué)們造成障礙的是并列句或并列復(fù)合句,，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，所以在訓(xùn)練時可以精挑一個語段做仔細分析,。

第三,，題型多樣化。這個障礙使原本已經(jīng)擁有相當英語語言實力的考生,，在考試中因為缺乏對題型的理解,，或是被眾多題型干擾，不能正常發(fā)揮,。一些必考題型如list of headings, summary, T/F/NG等,，可以作為練習重點。如summary題是很多同學(xué)感到頭痛的題型,，普遍感到非常難找,。其實不然，只要記住兩大原則即可,。原則一,，順序原則。summary題的答案排列順序,，必定與文章的行文順序一致,。原則二，完整的summary,，不僅應(yīng)該能夠體現(xiàn)文章本身所表達的思想含義,，而且必須是符合語法規(guī)律的英語文章。所以根據(jù)語法也可以進行判斷,。

在準備考試的過程中,，除了要做IELTS考題之外，還要進行泛讀和快速閱讀,。泛讀可以選擇一些英美主流媒體的文章,，在網(wǎng)站上可以找到,，目的是熟悉單詞和句型?？焖匍喿x就是用掃描文章的方法對其結(jié)構(gòu)有大致的了解,，并把握其主旨。同時,，在重點句子和詞匯上做出標記,。這種方法對閱讀考試幫助極大，平時可多加練習,。另外,，為了提高閱讀的速度還要養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習慣，不能邊看邊用嘴跟著讀,，眼,、嘴并用必會降低閱讀速度;一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)生詞(這種情況絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)都肯定要遇到)，先不要緊張,，要通過英語構(gòu)詞法(前綴,、詞根和后綴)來分析推測詞義，或結(jié)合上下文,、前后詞語去猜測,，如果根據(jù)上下文及前后詞語還是無法確切了解其真正含義，可以再看一下這個詞對整個句子所構(gòu)成的影響是肯定的,，還是否定的,，實際上這對你理解作者的意圖已足夠了，實在不行就做上記號,，將來看一看是否影響答題,，如無影響就堅決忽略。

雅思寫作方法總結(jié)二

線索詞類型：

第一類：代詞 eg. this, it, they

如果要插入的句子中有代詞,，可是代詞所指代的內(nèi)容又沒有出現(xiàn)在句子本身,，那么我們就可以根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)等性質(zhì)找到它指代的內(nèi)容，再插入到該句之后,。

For example:

Where would the sentence best fit?

This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.

Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. ■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.

看到了this,，明顯指代的是前文所提到的內(nèi)容。再根據(jù)句子后半部分a question that has puzzled scientists for ages, 了解到this的指代內(nèi)容原來是個question, 并且是科學(xué)難題呀,。再看原文的四個插入點,，第二個就明顯很合適了。

第二類：名詞 eg. 在句子中的形式一般為：this/these/such/another…+名詞

如果句子中的線索詞不是第一類的代詞,，而是以第二類的這種形式出現(xiàn),，那么這個最后的名詞就是我們的線索詞，童鞋們要對于這個詞保持敏感,。這個名詞一般會在原文已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過,，我們要找到這個地方,，再把句子插入適當?shù)奈恢谩Ｖ笠紤]句子插入后是否與插入口后面的句子保持正確的邏輯關(guān)系,，如果邏輯通順,，就OK啦!

For example：

Where would the sentence best fit?

This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.

■ the raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.■

這里的線索詞就是economic reliance,回去原文找根源，第二個插入口前面一句the raise of livestock is a major economic activity…,，發(fā)現(xiàn)economic reliance就是major economic activity就是同義轉(zhuǎn)換,。但是這個時候不要過于著急把句子插進第二個插入口，你想一下啊,，有可能作者在說這個topic的時候,，有可能用了幾個句子來闡述,，所以要嚴謹一些,，看看如果插入第二個口，和右邊句子的意思是否能銜接,。這個例子中,，插入句子描寫了一個不好的結(jié)果—overgrazing，而第二個插入口后一句話就是寫了consequences of excessive grazing,因此邏輯上也是通順的,，可以安心地把句子放在第二個插入口啦!

第三類：邏輯詞 eg.however/but /thus/accordingly/consequently/hence ...

以上兩類線索詞都是根據(jù)文中的語法聯(lián)系來解題的,，可是有些題目中的插入句沒有這兩類線索詞，那么它的線索詞就可能是一些表示因果,、轉(zhuǎn)折等各種邏輯關(guān)系的邏輯詞,，舉例來說就是，however/but…這類表轉(zhuǎn)折和 thus/accordingly …這類表因果關(guān)系的詞,，相信大家在寫作的時候已經(jīng)把這些詞倒背如流了吧!這一類的插入題可能比前兩類線索詞的題要相對難一些,，因為干擾項會比較強大，但是只要細心,，理清前后句的邏輯關(guān)系,，童鞋們還是可以攻克滴!

For example:

Where would the sentence best fit?

Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.

■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills.■Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. ■In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. ■They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.

這個題目中，插入局句首的consequently就是一個表結(jié)果的線索詞,，表明前文所說的事情導(dǎo)致了tunas 不需要吸入水,。我們看到第二個插入點的前一句話說，tunas張開嘴,，水就會被推進他們的嘴里,，如果把插入句放在這句后面邏輯上是十分連貫的?？墒且恍┤藭X得第三個插入點也很合適,，因為這個插入點的前一句說，tunas失去了其他魚用來吸水的肌肉,，如果后面說tunas不需要吸水貌似也合理,，但是要注意,，插入句用的是需要(need)，如果tunas失去了肌肉,，那么就是不是需不需要,，而是可不可以了。插入第二個插入點后,，再檢查下前后文的連貫,，發(fā)現(xiàn)很適合。如果放在第三個插入點的話,，和后文的銜接就會變得奇怪,。因此，童鞋們要細心一些,，記得檢查!

對于雅思閱讀中三類線索詞的方法解析就是這些啦,，各位童鞋對于插入題的做題方法應(yīng)該也會有所體會和收獲了吧!

最后總結(jié)一下嘍，雅思閱讀-插空題三步走：

步驟1：在要插入的句子中找到線索詞

步驟2：通讀原文,，找到滿足線索詞插入的地方

步驟3：瞻前顧后,，檢查插入后原文前后的邏輯和表達是否通順

雅思寫作方法總結(jié)三

關(guān)于邏輯關(guān)系詞在閱讀中的作用，我們首先來看一段文字：

The discourse markers signal relationships: between different parts of the discourse … the main reason for studying them is their usefulness in helping the reader to work out the meaning of difficult text. They often show the relationship the writer intends between two parts of the text, so if you can understand one part, the discourse marker is a possible key to the other part. (Christine Nuttall, 1996. Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language, Heinemann)

關(guān)于“discourse marker”,，P.H.Matthews在其Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 一書中是這樣描述的：Any of a variety of units whose function is within a larger discourse rather than an inspanidual sentence or clause: e.g. but then in But then he might be late. “discourse marker”雖然范圍更加廣泛一些,，但從以上文字不難看出，它包括了我們所熟悉的邏輯關(guān)系詞(即文章中用于表示并列,，轉(zhuǎn)折,，舉例，因果,，遞進,，讓步，總結(jié)等邏輯關(guān)系的固定單詞或詞組),。也由此可見,，特別重視形式邏輯和思維分析的英語行文，在詞語之間和句子之間往往會借助各種邏輯關(guān)系詞清楚表達思維邏輯和語意關(guān)系,。因此了解和掌握邏輯關(guān)系詞可以幫助我們把握文章中語意的轉(zhuǎn)換和發(fā)展,，理解文章重點表達的意思。

具體到雅思閱讀,，邏輯關(guān)系詞在解題中體現(xiàn)出兩大功能 ：

一,、語意推斷

語意推斷主要是運用于重點題型之一的摘要題(Summary)。具體是指根據(jù)空格所在句及前后句的邏輯關(guān)系詞,，分析詞語之間,，句子之間的語意關(guān)系，推斷出所缺單詞的大致含義,。

例如：

1.劍4 / P77 / Q38

Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a particular linguistic feature.

根據(jù)while這個表示對比或轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系詞,，可以判斷它前后部分是對比或反義關(guān)系,。“a wide range of language”指的是語言研究的廣泛的各個方面，可以預(yù)判空格處應(yīng)是指具體的方面,。

2.劍1 / P20 / Q4-5

The very first fire-lighting methods involved the creation of friction by, for example, rapidly rotating a wooden stick in a round hole.

根據(jù)介詞“by”和“for example”這個表示舉例的邏輯關(guān)系詞,，可以預(yù)判第二個空格應(yīng)是和“creation of friction”(產(chǎn)生摩擦)的具體動作有關(guān)的詞。

3.劍1 / P20 / Q6

The use of percussion or persistent chipping was also widespread in Europe …

根據(jù)表示并列的邏輯關(guān)系詞or,，可以判斷它前后部分是并列關(guān)系,。Chipping是“削，鑿”的意思,，可以預(yù)判空格處應(yīng)是類似意思的詞,。

二、定位

根據(jù)對歷年真題的總結(jié)分析,，雅思閱讀考試的一個重要規(guī)律是：題干中的句子之間,，詞語之間的邏輯關(guān)系在原文中一般不變(但表現(xiàn)方式可能會變)。這一規(guī)律使得邏輯關(guān)系詞可以有效地協(xié)助題干關(guān)鍵詞在原文中定位答案信息源,。尤其在摘要題(Summary)中這一方法使用頻率很高,。

例如：

1.劍5 / P50 / Q30-31

題干：In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the technical vocabulary nor the grammatical resources to express their ideas.

原文：First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world … (Para.7)

題干中出現(xiàn)的neither…nor…是連接兩個否定概念的并列邏輯關(guān)系詞,。原文中對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)了完全相同的邏輯關(guān)系,，即first, it lacked …, second it lacked …(表現(xiàn)方式有所變化)。我們可根據(jù)這種對應(yīng)的邏輯關(guān)系在原文中快速定位答案信息源,。

2.劍5 / P50 / Q33-34

題干：Although English was then overtaken by German, it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the industrial revolution.

原文：In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. … However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary.

題干中出現(xiàn)的兩種邏輯關(guān)系均在原文中對應(yīng)出現(xiàn),。一是表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的although, 對應(yīng)于原文中的however;二是表示因果關(guān)系的as a direct result of 對應(yīng)于原文中表因果的邏輯關(guān)系詞as。很顯然,，這對于題干信息的定位意義重大,。

3.劍5 / P70 / Q25-26

題干：To deal with this, Stanley suggests the use of artificial floods in the short term, and increasing the amount of water available through desalination in the longer term.

原文：In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to flush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available.

題干中出現(xiàn)了表示遞進的邏輯關(guān)系詞in the short term … in the longer term …?？焖俨樽x原文,，可定位于文中相同的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)in the immediate future … in the long term …。

另外,，對雅思真題文章進行精讀訓(xùn)練的同學(xué)會發(fā)現(xiàn),，除了以上兩大功能之外，邏輯關(guān)系詞在原文中的位置還常常是命題考點最集中的地方,。因此學(xué)習和掌握邏輯關(guān)系詞在閱讀中的功能和作用,，將對提高答題的速度起關(guān)鍵性的作用。同時,，能夠熟練運用邏輯關(guān)系詞對于寫出條理清楚,，層次分明的雅思作文也大有幫助。

附：雅思考試中常見的邏輯關(guān)系詞

1.表示并列關(guān)系

likewise once again/once more in (much) the same way (manner) similarly/similar to vice versa also/as well as not only … but also … both … and … neither … nor … like/just like as/just as equally namely or and

2.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

but/yet/whereas however otherwise in contrast (to) conversely though/although nevertheless unlike in spite of despite on the contrary even if/even though

on the one hand …, on the other hand … instead (of) not as … as … rather than even so vary different from differ from

While

3.表示舉例

For example/for instance/e.g. such as that is/namely/i.e.

in other words in general/in particular a case in point is especially specifically

4.表示因果關(guān)系

as a result as a consequence consequently so/therefore/thus then for this reason hence accordingly because/because of owing to thanks to on account of

Since due to …, for as this is why

5.表示遞進關(guān)系

and then as well as again another also/too in addition (to) additionally additional besides (that) moreover furthermore not only … but also … what’s more

6.表示讓步關(guān)系

Though/although while even though/even if nevertheless in spite of/despite admittedly

7. 表示總結(jié)

in a word in brief in short above all all in all on the whole in general to conclude/in conclusion to sum up/to summarize/in summary

總之,，如果抓好了雅思閱讀中的邏輯關(guān)系詞,，那么也就是從詞和句這個層面上抓住了雅思閱讀的邏輯主線,，往往來說，雅思閱讀中很多解題點的設(shè)置也在這些邏輯關(guān)系詞的前后,。

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