無論是身處學(xué)校還是步入社會,,大家都嘗試過寫作吧,借助寫作也可以提高我們的語言組織能力,。相信許多人會覺得范文很難寫,?下面是小編幫大家整理的優(yōu)質(zhì)范文,僅供參考,,大家一起來看看吧,。
英語四級句子翻譯帶語法解析篇一
英語和漢語是兩種差異比較大的語言,,英語重形合,,漢語重 意合,。有人把英語句子比喻為“樹木叢生、干枝糾纏的樹林”,,脈絡(luò)難析,,主次難辨,而把漢語句子比喻為“枝干分明的竹林”,,脈絡(luò)清晰,,主次易辨,。翻譯時,,根 據(jù)表達(dá)習(xí)慣,,英語、漢語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有時需要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換,。英漢語復(fù)合句中主句和從句之間的時間順序和邏輯順序也不完全一致,,因此,翻譯時,,也時常需要根 據(jù)表達(dá)習(xí)慣,,對句序進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
現(xiàn)代翻譯理論認(rèn)為,,句子是最重要的翻譯單位,。大學(xué)英語四級考試中的翻譯題型也是以句子翻譯為主??忌绻軌蚴炀氄莆站渥臃g的基本方法,,那么對于處理四級考試中的句子翻譯題必將是如虎添翼。本期著重介紹常用的句子翻譯方法:正反,、反正表達(dá)法,,分句、合句法,。
正反,、反正表達(dá)法
由 于民族文化和思維方式不同,英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)同一概念時所采用的方式就有所不同,。在表達(dá)否定概念時,,英語和漢語使用的詞匯、語法,、語言邏輯就有很大的差 異,。漢語中有些詞、短語或者句子是從反面表達(dá)的,,而譯成英語時則需要從正面進(jìn)行表達(dá),,如例
1、例
2,、例3,。反之,漢語中有些從正面表達(dá)的詞,、短語或者句 子,,譯成英語時需要從反面進(jìn)行表達(dá),如例
4,、例
5,、例6。此外,,漢語還有一些特殊的句子結(jié)構(gòu),,如雙重否定(例7),、否定轉(zhuǎn)移(例8)在譯成英語時也需要引 起我們的注意。
一,、i.漢語從反面表達(dá),,譯文從正面表達(dá)
例1:他提出的論據(jù)相當(dāng)不充實。
譯文:the argument he put forward is pretty thin.(詞)
例2:我們確信,,年輕一代將不會辜負(fù)我們的信任,。
譯文:we are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.(短語)
例3:他七十歲了,可是并不顯老,。
譯文:he was 70,,but he carried his years lightly.(句子)
英語四級句子翻譯帶語法解析篇二
晴天娃娃 820986380
大學(xué)英語四級句子翻譯的常用技巧
英語和漢語是兩種差異比較大的語言,英語重形合,,漢語重意合,。有人把英語句子比喻為“樹木叢生、干枝糾纏的樹林”,,脈絡(luò)難析,,主次難辨,而把漢語句子比喻為“枝干分明的竹林”,,脈絡(luò)清晰,,主次易辨。翻譯時,,根據(jù)表達(dá)習(xí)慣,,英語、漢語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有時需要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換,。英漢語復(fù)合句中主句和從句之間的時間順序和邏輯順序也不完全一致,,因此,翻譯時,,也時常需要根據(jù)表達(dá)習(xí)慣,,對句序進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
現(xiàn)代翻譯理論認(rèn)為,,句子是最重要的翻譯單位,。大學(xué)英語考試大四級考試中的翻譯題型也是以句子翻譯為主??忌绻軌蚴炀氄莆站渥臃g的基本方法,,那么對于處理四級考試中的句子翻譯題必將是如虎添翼。本期著重介紹常用的句子翻譯方法:正反,、反正表達(dá)法,,分句、合句法。
正反,、反正表達(dá)法
由于民族文化和思維方式不同,,英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)同一概念時所采用的方式就有所不同。在表達(dá)否定概念時,,英語和漢語使用的詞匯,、語法,、語言邏輯就有很大的差異,。漢語中有些詞、短語或者句子是從反面表達(dá)的,,而譯成英語時則需要從正面進(jìn)行表達(dá),,如例
1、例
2,、例3,。反之,漢語中有些從正面表達(dá)的詞,、短語或者句子,,譯成英語時需要從反面進(jìn)行表達(dá),如例
4,、例
5,、例6。此外,,漢語還有一些特殊的句子結(jié)構(gòu),,如雙重否定(例7)、否定轉(zhuǎn)移(例8)在譯成英語時也需要引起我們的注意,。
一,、i.漢語從反面表達(dá),譯文從正面表達(dá)
例1:他提出的論據(jù)相當(dāng)不充實,。
譯文:the argument he put forward is pretty thin.(詞)
例2:我們確信,,年輕一代將不會辜負(fù)我們的信任。
譯文:we are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.(短語)
例3:他七十歲了,,可是并不顯老,。
譯文:he was 70, but he carried his years lightly.(句子)
ii.漢語從正面表達(dá),譯文從反面表達(dá)
例4:他這個人優(yōu)柔寡斷,,而且總是反復(fù)無常,。
譯文:he was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.(詞)例5:調(diào)查結(jié)果清清楚楚地顯示病人死于心臟病。
譯文:the investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease.(短語)
例6:這類舉動遲早會被人發(fā)覺的,。
譯文:such actions couldn’t long escape notice.(句子)
iii.特殊的否定句式
例7:有利必有弊,。
譯文:there is not any advantage without disadvantage.(雙重否定)例8:我們在那個城市從未因為是猶太人而遭受歧視。
譯文:in that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were jews.(否定轉(zhuǎn)移)
二、分句,、合句法
很多情況下,,翻譯句子的時候,需要調(diào)整原來的句子^考試*大結(jié)構(gòu),,分句法和合句法是調(diào)整原文句子的兩種重要的方法,。所謂分句法就是把原文的一個簡單句譯為兩個或兩個以上的句子。所謂合句法就是把原文兩個或兩個以上的簡單句或一個復(fù)合句譯成一個單句,。i.分句法
漢譯英時,,需要分譯的句子多數(shù)是長句,或者是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的復(fù)句,。這種句子如果譯成一個長句,,就會使譯文冗長、累贅,、意思表達(dá)不清楚,,也不符合英文習(xí)慣。如果采用分譯,,則會使譯文簡潔,、易懂、層次分明,。如以下五個例子:
例1.少年是一去不復(fù)返的,,等到精力衰竭時,要做學(xué)問也來不及了,。(按內(nèi)容層次分
譯)
譯文: youth will soon be gone,,never to it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.例2.她隔窗望去,突然發(fā)現(xiàn)有只小船停泊在河邊,,船里有位船夫睡得正香,。(從主語變換處分譯)
譯文: looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the it there was a boatman fast asleep.例3.聲速隨溫度的升降會有輕微的增減,但不受氣壓的影響,。(從關(guān)聯(lián)詞處分譯)譯文: the speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls with decrease in is not affected by the pressure of the air.例4.我們的政策是實行“一個國家,,兩種制度”,具體說,,就是在中華人民共和國內(nèi),,有著十多億人口的大陸實行社會主義制度,香港,、臺灣地區(qū)實行資本主義制度,。(原文出現(xiàn)總說或分述時要分譯)
譯文: we are pursuing a policy of “one country with two systems.” more specifically, this means that within the people’s republic of china, the mainland with its more than one billion people will maintain the socialist system, while hong kong and taiwan continue under the capitalist system.例5.我們主張對我國神圣領(lǐng)土臺灣實行和平統(tǒng)一,有關(guān)的政策,,也是眾所周知和不會改變的,,并且正在深入人心,。(為了強調(diào)語氣而采用分譯)
譯文: we want peaceful reunification with taiwan which is part of our sacred policy in this regard is also known to all and will not desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire chinese .合句法
英漢兩種語言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完全相同,盡管英語句子日趨簡潔,,但是從句套^考試*大從句,,短語含短語的句型也是頻頻出現(xiàn)。一般而言,,一個英語句子的信息包含量要大于一個漢語句子,,因此,我們在做漢譯英的時候,,常常把漢語的兩個句子,,甚至更多句子,合譯成英語的一句,。使用合句法還可以使譯文緊湊,、簡練,。如以下三個例子:
例6:一代人與一代人之間的沖突,,也就是年輕人與老年人的沖突,似乎是最可笑的,。因為這就是現(xiàn)在的自己與將來的自己,,或者說過去的自己與現(xiàn)在的自己的沖突。(在關(guān)聯(lián)詞處合譯)
譯文:a conflict between the generations between youth and age seems the most stupid, for it is one between oneself as one is and oneself as one will be, or between oneself as one was and oneself as one is.例7:對我來說,,我的水族箱就像我自己的一個小王國,。我就是里面的國王。(從主語變換處合譯)
譯文:to me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where i am king.例8:第二天,,我又接到一個電報,。這個電報有34個字,比前一個電報說得更詳細(xì),。(按內(nèi)容連貫合譯)
譯文:the following day i received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers, giving more details.
英語四級句子翻譯帶語法解析篇三
英語四級六級,、三級考試翻譯技巧
句子翻譯的常用技巧
英語和漢語是兩種差異比較大的語言,英語重形合,,漢語重 意合,。有人把英語句子比喻為“樹木叢生、干枝糾纏的樹林”,,脈絡(luò)難析,,主次難辨,而把漢語句子比喻為“枝干分明的竹林”,,脈絡(luò)清晰,,主次易辨。翻譯時,,根 據(jù)表達(dá)習(xí)慣,,英語,、漢語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有時需要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。英漢語復(fù)合句中主句和從句之間的時間順序和邏輯順序也不完全一致,,因此,,翻譯時,也時常需要根 據(jù)表達(dá)習(xí)慣,,對句序進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整,。恒星英語學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)現(xiàn)代翻譯理論認(rèn)為,句子是最重要的翻譯單位,。大學(xué)英語四級考試中的翻譯題型也是以句子翻譯為主,。考生如果能夠熟練掌握句子翻譯的基本方法,,那么對于處理四級考試中的句子翻譯題必將是如虎添翼,。本期著重介紹常用的句子翻譯方法:正反、反正表達(dá)法,,分句,、合句法。
正反,、反正表達(dá)法
由于民族文化和思維方式不同,,英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)同一概念時所采用的方式就有所不同。在表達(dá)否定概念時,,英語和漢語使用的詞匯,、語法、語言邏輯就有很大的差 異,。漢語中有些詞,、短語或者句子是從反面表達(dá)的,而譯成英語時則需要從正面進(jìn)行表達(dá),,如例
1,、例
2、例3,。反之,,漢語中有些從正面表達(dá)的詞、短語或者句 子,,譯成英語時需要從反面進(jìn)行表達(dá),,如例
4、例
5,、例6,。此外,漢語還有一些特殊的句子結(jié)構(gòu),,如雙重否定(例7),、否定轉(zhuǎn)移(例8)在譯成英語時也需要引起我們的注意,。
i.漢語從反面表達(dá),譯文從正面表達(dá)
例1:他提出的論據(jù)相當(dāng)不充實,。
譯文:the argument he put forward is pretty thin.(詞)
例2:我們確信,,年輕一代將不會辜負(fù)我們的信任。
譯文:we are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.(短語)例3:他七十歲了,,可是并不顯老,。
譯文:he was 70,but he carried his years lightly.(句子)
ii.漢語從正面表達(dá),,譯文從反面表達(dá)
例4:他這個人優(yōu)柔寡斷,,而且總是反復(fù)無常。
譯文:he was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.(詞)
例5:調(diào)查結(jié)果清清楚楚地顯示病人死于心臟病,。
譯文:the investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease.(短語)例6:這類舉動遲早會被人發(fā)覺的,。恒星英語學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)
英語四級句子翻譯帶語法解析篇四
世界貿(mào)易組織成立于1995年1月1日,目的是確保一個穩(wěn)定的全球和貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境,。在當(dāng)今世界上的190多個國家中,,世界貿(mào)易組織的成員國(member country)有158個。在處理國家之間的貿(mào)易規(guī)則方面,,世界貿(mào)易組織是唯一的全球性國際組織,。世貿(mào)組織的事務(wù)應(yīng)該引起我們的關(guān)注,,因為世貿(mào)組織制定的規(guī)則對我們國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)和國民生活都有一定的影響,。the wto(world trade organization),established on january 1, 1995, aims to ensure a stable trade and economic world wto is an association of 158 member countries, of more than 190 countries in the world wto is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between business of the wto should be of interest to us because the rules that are being decided therein have an impact on our national economy, and peoples lives.2 奧運會是國際性的體育盛會(sporting events),體育項目種類繁多,,分為夏冬兩季,,均是每4年舉辦一次。最初有記載的奧運會于公元前776年在希臘的奧林匹亞(olympia)舉行,。奧運會是最大的媒體活動之一,。2000年悉尼奧運會上,有超過1.6萬名播音員和新聞記者參與報道,。據(jù)估計,,有38億觀眾通過電視收看了此屆盛會。然而,,奧運會的發(fā)展也是奧運會面臨的一個大問題,。
the olympic games are an international multisport event subspanided into summer and winter sporting summer and winter games are each held every four original olympic games were first recorded in 776 bc in olympia, olympics are one of the largest media sydney in 2000 there were more than 16 000 broadcasters and journalists, and an estimated 3.8 billion viewers watched the games on r, the development of the olympics is one of the largest problems the olympics face today.3 《三國演義》由羅貫中創(chuàng)作于14世紀(jì),是一部中國歷史題材小說,。小說以漢朝末年和三國時期的歷史演變?yōu)楸尘?,敘述了在這個動蕩(turbulent)時期發(fā)生的一系列重大事情。整個故事情節(jié)從公元168年開始一直到公元280年領(lǐng)土統(tǒng)一(reunification)時結(jié)束,。小說篇幅長達(dá)80萬字,,分為120個章節(jié),,共描述了1 191個人物角色,堪稱中國文學(xué)史上四大經(jīng)典小說之一,。
romance of the three kingdoms, written by luo guanzhong in the 14th century, is a chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the han dynasty and the three kingdoms era, starting in ad 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in ad is acclaimed as one of the four great classical novels of chinese literature, with a grand total of 800 000 words, 1 191 characters, and 120 chapters.4 秧歌舞(yangko)是中國漢族的一種傳統(tǒng)民間舞蹈,,通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝(costume),,他們的表演動作有力而迅速,。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間,,人們一旦聽到鑼(gong)鼓聲,,不管外面天氣有多冷,他們都會蜂擁到街上觀看秧歌舞表演,。近年來,,中國東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了秧歌隊,隊員常年通過跳秧歌舞來保持健康,,同時他們也樂在其中,。the yangko dance is a traditional folk dance of the han chinese, commonly performed in the northern dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes, and their movements are vigorous and holidays such as lunar new year and the lantern festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongs they swarm into the streets to watch yangko dance performances, no matter how cold it is recent years, elderly people in some cities in northeast china have been organizing themselves into yangko teams, with the dancers mostly enjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round.5 中國人喜歡在一起吃飯,這個傳統(tǒng)可以追溯到很久之前,。這反映出中國人喜歡團(tuán)圓,、不愿分離的觀念——圓桌、圓盤,、圓碗都象征著團(tuán)圓和美滿,。盤子通常放在桌子的中央,這樣坐在桌子面前的所有人都可以吃得到。一鍋熱湯尤其可以增加和諧,、團(tuán)圓的氣氛,。朋友們也喜歡在一起吃飯、生活,。最近一位美國漢學(xué)家(sinologist)的著作認(rèn)為,,中國人的集體觀念(collective tradition)就是從一同吃飯發(fā)展而來的。
chinese like to eat together, which is a tradition that can be traced back a long time reflects the chinese notion of union versus spanision—round tables, round dishes, and round bowls all symbolize union and are usually placed at the center of the table so that everyone around the table can share them.a hot pot, in particular, adds to the atmosphere of harmony and s also like to eat and live together.a recent book by an american sinologist held that the chinese collective tradition developed out of the practice of eating together.6 川劇(sichuan opera)就像四川火鍋以及其他的名菜一樣動人,、豐富,。變臉(face changing)是川劇中的一大亮點。據(jù)說古人在他們的臉上作畫,,[jp2]以便趕走野生動物,。川劇吸收了這一古老的技藝并將其升華為一門藝術(shù)。變臉是一門神奇的藝術(shù),。演員在不到20秒的時間內(nèi)要換十多次臉譜,。通過舉手、擺袖或搖頭,,演員使用不同的臉譜來表現(xiàn)不同的情緒,,并通過看得見摸得著的臉譜表達(dá)出看不見摸不著的感情,。
sichuan opera(chuan ju), like hotpot and other famous sichuan dishes, is exciting and changing is the highlight of sichuan is said that ancient people painted their faces to drive away wild n opera absorbs this ancient skill and perfects it into an changing is a magical change more than 10 masks in less than 20 raising the hand, swinging a sleeve or tossing the head, an actor uses different masks to show different emotions, expressing invisible and intangible feelings through visible and tangible masks.7 長城作為世界上最偉大的奇觀之一,是古代中國在不同時期為抵御北方游牧民族(nomadic tribe)侵襲而修筑的規(guī)模浩大的軍事工程的統(tǒng)稱,。如同巨龍一般,,長城自東向西綿延8 800多公里。距今已有2 000多年歷史的萬里長城很多地方已經(jīng)變成了廢墟,,但是它仍然是世界上最具吸引力的地方,。1987年,長城被聯(lián)合國教科文組織(unesco)列為世界文化遺產(chǎn),。the great wall, one of the greatest wonders in the world, is the general name of a series of largescale military constructions during different periods in ancient china, hoped for the defense against the invasion of nomadic tribes from the like a gigantic dragon, the great wall stretches over 8 800 kilometers from east to west of a history of more than 2 000 years, many sections of the great wall have been in ruins r, it is still one of the most appealing attractions all around the 1987, the great wall was listed as a world cultural heritage by unesco.8 光棍節(jié),,又稱“雙十一”,最初是由大學(xué)生發(fā)起的單身人士的情人節(jié),,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)從最初的慶祝單身變成了中國人的一個網(wǎng)購狂歡節(jié),。過去六年里,中國的電商(ecommerce)巨頭們開始利用這一商機,,通過打折促銷吸引顧客,,提高銷售收入。天貓()雙十一一天的銷售額從2009年的5 000萬飆升至2013年的350億,。郵政部門(the state post bureau)表示由于準(zhǔn)備充分,,盡管訂單增加,快遞業(yè)務(wù)仍然運行正常,。
singles day, also named the double 11 day, which originated with college students as an alternative to valentines day for single people, now has transformed its original function as a day of celebration for the great unloved into a day of crazy online shopping for the chinese the past six years, singles day has been taken advantage of by chinese ecommerce giants by offering discounts and launching sales campaigns on that day to attract customers and boost sales at on singles day have snowballed from 50 million yuan in 2009 to 35 billion yuan in state post bureau said that thanks to adequate preparation, express deliveries were running on schedule despite the increase in orders.9 對于中國人來說,,“面子”十分重要,它指的是一個人根源于自尊的名譽觀,。大部分中國人都認(rèn)為,,有面子是最重要的事情之一,丟面子則會帶來巨大的痛苦,。因此,人們必須了解并遵守面子規(guī)則,,如果違反就會受到嚴(yán)厲的懲罰,。然而,有時候一個人丟面子不僅僅是因為他們的行為不符合社會的要求,,還可能是由于別人的行為沒有符合他個人的期待,。
face is immensely important for the can be defined as a notion of ones reputation rooted in self of the chinese people believe that to have face is one of the most valued things, while to lose face is a cause of great , people are expected to know and abide by the rules of face and are penalized harshly if they break r, sometimes a person could lose face not only because of his failure to match up to societys obligations on him, but also from the failure of others to act in accordance with his expectations of them.武術(shù)在我國源遠(yuǎn)流長,是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的瑰寶(gem),。我們知道,,一個民族的優(yōu)秀文化遺產(chǎn)不僅僅屬于一個民族,它會逐漸傳播到世界的其他地方而成為人類的共同財富,。為了更好地推廣武術(shù),,使其與奧運項目接軌,,中國武協(xié)和國際武聯(lián)(the chinese wushu association and the international wushu federation)做了艱苦卓絕的工作。現(xiàn)在武術(shù)已被列為一種與保齡球(bowling)和國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舞(international standard dance)有同等地位的奧運表演項目,。
with a long history in china, wushu is a gem of chinese traditional we all know, the excellent cultural heritage of a nation doesnt belong to the nation alone but will be spread to the rest of the world gradually to be shared by all chinese wushu association and the international wushu federation have been working very hard to popularize wushu and move it closer to the olympic , wushu has been accepted as an olympic demonstration event with the same status as bowling and international standard dance.11 旗袍(qipao)是中國獨特的傳統(tǒng)服飾,。旗袍原本是滿族(manchu)婦女的服裝,穿在身上非常寬松,,直上直下,,中間沒有腰線。后來一些漢族的女性對這種服飾進(jìn)行了改造,,使它更加合身,、性感。20世紀(jì)20年代,,旗袍在上海的女學(xué)生中變得非常流行,。旗袍一般是由絲綢制成,領(lǐng)口,、袖口和腋襟上都繡有精細(xì)的花邊,。旗袍體現(xiàn)了中國女性的端莊、溫柔和美麗,。
qipao is a unique kind of traditional chinese ally worn by manchu women, qipao fitted loosely and hung straight down the body with no then some han chinese ladies carried out some improvements on the design, making it more fitting and it came to the 1920s, qipao became very popular among the girl students in is usually made of silk, and embroidered with delicate laces at the neckline, cuffs and embodies chinese womens modesty, softness and beauty.中國石窟(grotto)主要反映的是佛教文化藝術(shù),。敦煌莫高窟、大同云岡石窟,、洛陽龍門石窟,、天水麥積山石窟,號稱中國四大石窟藝術(shù)景觀,。佛教石窟隨山雕鑿,、彩繪,形象生動自然,,將崇高美(sublimity)與世俗情(secular feeling)融為一體,,把天然造化與人工創(chuàng)造有機結(jié)合,是由建筑,、繪畫,、雕塑等組成的博大精深、絢麗奪目的綜合藝術(shù)殿堂,。其藝術(shù)成就為世界所矚目,,已成為重要的世界文化遺產(chǎn)。
chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of buddhist china, there are four major art landscapes of grottoes: the mogao grottoes at dunhuang, the yungang grottoes at datong, the longmen grottoes at luoyang, and the maijishan grottoes at and painted on mountains, the buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of chinese buddhist grottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning general art gallery, displaying the art of architecture, painting, sculptures and artistic achievements of chinese grottoes have attracted the attention of the world, and have become an important international cultural heritage.13 中國古典文學(xué)包括詩歌,、散文,、小說及詞(ci)、賦(fu)、曲(qu)等多種文體,,藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法豐富各異,。小說歷史悠久,并在明清時期達(dá)到巔峰,。小說中的《三國演義》《水滸傳》《西游記》《紅樓夢》被稱為中國四大古典文學(xué)名著,,至今在國內(nèi)外都有著廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。研讀四大名著能夠了解中國傳統(tǒng)人文社會,、民俗,,是汲取古代文明精粹、處世為人策略與智慧的重要途徑,。
chinese classical literature includes poetry, prose, fiction, and ci(new lyrics written to preexisting tunes), fu(“descriptive poems” of prosepoetry), qu(a freer form based on the new popular songs and dramatic arias), and many other artistic expressions are various in e fiction has a long history, reaching its peak in the ming and qing classics of chinese literature are romance of the three kingdoms, water margin, pilgrimage to the west, and a dream of red mansions, which have extensive and farreaching significance both on a national and international h reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you can understand traditional chinese society and human culture, and its it is an important way to absorb the quintessence of ancient culture as well as to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.14 泰山(mount tai)位于山東中部,,占地426平方千米,最高峰“玉皇頂(the jade emperor peak)”海拔約1 545米,。泰山以恢宏的自然景觀著稱于世,,山上點綴著寺廟、石碑和石刻(stone inscription),。身為中國五大名山之首,,泰山備受佛教(buddhism)和道教(taoism)的推崇。中國的很多皇帝都曾到泰山敬拜天地,。傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為泰山是每天太陽最先升起的地方,。因此為了到泰山之巔看日出,成千上萬的人午夜就開始攀登泰山,。
located in central shandong province, mount tai covers 426 square kilometers with its highest peak, the jade emperor peak, reaching about 1 545 meters above sea tai earns a reputation for its imposing natural scenery festooned with a chain of temples, stone tablets and stone the first of the “five great mountains” in china, mount tai is revered both in buddhism and emperors in china visited it to hold the heaven worship ional belief maintains that each day begins with the sun rising at mount tai, thus thousands of sun worshipers climbed it from as early as midnight in order to appreciate sunrise at its peak.中國古代四大藝術(shù)中的“畫”特指國畫,。其繪畫形式是用毛筆蘸墨、顏料作畫于絹或宣紙之上,,古代稱之為水墨丹青(inkpainting),。為區(qū)別于西方的油畫而稱之為中國畫,簡稱“國畫”,。其題材有人物,、山水、花鳥等,。技法可分為工筆(fine brushwork)和寫意(freehand brushwork),。國畫的藝術(shù)特質(zhì)在于“筆墨”,強調(diào)以形寫神,,畫盡意在。國畫在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作上反映了中華民族的審美意識和情趣,。
painting in the four art forms in ancient china particularly refers to traditional chinese ional chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on spun silk or xuan ancient china, it was called ink order to distinguish it from western oilpaintings, the chinese people term their works “chinese painting”, short for traditional chinese subject matters of chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and drawing skills and techniques employed by the chinese painters can be spanided into two forms: fine brushwork and freehand artistic characteristics of chinese painting lie in “the writing brush and ink”.chinese painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of the though a painting is a finished product, it endlessly conveys a terms of the artistic creation, chinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousness and artistic sentiment of the chinese people.16 瓷器(porcelain)是中國最為重要的手工藝品之一,。中國瓷器有3 500多年的歷史,明清時期尤其繁榮,。瓷器不僅可以用作日常餐具(dinnerware),、花瓶等,,精美的瓷器更是常常被人們用來裝飾家居。作為高檔藝術(shù)品的象征,,真品瓷器常常具有極高的藝術(shù)價值和經(jīng)濟(jì)價值,,因此,常被很多人視為珍藏品,。中國瓷器受到各國人民的歡迎,,經(jīng)常被用作表達(dá)中外友誼的禮物。porcelains are one of chinas most important e porcelains have a history of more than 3 500 years, their most prosperous period being ming and qing ains can be used as daily dinnerware and vases, and delicate porcelains are even commonly used for home decorations by the symbols of highend works of art, authentic porcelains are often of extremely high artistic and economic value and therefore they are often regarded as precious collections by many e porcelains are popular with people around the world, and they are often used as presents for expressing friendship between chinese and foreign people.17 酒是中國人生活中的重要飲品之一,。中國制酒源遠(yuǎn)流長,,享譽中外。在中國最具有代表性的酒莫過于白酒(liquor)了,,從某種角度上來說,,中國的酒文化就是白酒文化。酒在中國人眼里更多的是一種交際的工具,。酒在中國人生活中占有重要的位置,,滲透于(permeate)整個中華五千年的文明史中,包括文學(xué)創(chuàng)作,、娛樂,、烹飪、養(yǎng)生保健等各方面,。
alcohol is one of the important drinks in chinese peoples e alcoholmaking has a long history and has been renowned at home and china, no alcohol is more representative than chinese liquor and at some point, chinese alcohol culture is chinese liquor l is more of a communication tool in chinese peoples l has permeated 5 000 years civilization of the whole chinese history, which plays an important role in every aspect of chinese peoples life, from literary creation and entertainment to cooking and health preservation.18 11月11日由四個1構(gòu)成,,因此每年此日就是光棍節(jié)(singles day)。20世紀(jì)90年代,,南京眾多大學(xué)首先開始慶祝光棍節(jié),。正如其名,這個新節(jié)日是專門為單身人士設(shè)立的,。近年來,,中國成為世界上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶最多的國家,而單身人士是網(wǎng)購的主力軍(main force),,許多電子商務(wù)平臺(platform)就在光棍節(jié)當(dāng)天開展促銷活動以吸引中國不計其數(shù)的單身人士前來購物,。目前,光棍節(jié)已成為中國人瘋狂網(wǎng)購的日子,。
singles day falls on every november 11th because the date is comprised of four “ones”.it was initially celebrated at many universities in nanjing during the the name indicates, this new holiday is one exclusively for people who are still living a single recent years, as china has become a country with the worlds biggest population of internet users and the single people are the main force of chinas online spending power, many ecommerce platforms launch promotion campaigns on the day in order to attract countless single people around china to their s day has become a day of crazy online shopping among the chinese now.19 隨著城市化(urbanization)進(jìn)程的加快,,越來越多的農(nóng)民工(migrant worker)在城市里安頓下來。他們把子女接到城里來,,希望孩子能接受到更好的教育,。然而,這些農(nóng)民工發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實并不像他們預(yù)期的那么美好。城市公立學(xué)校的設(shè)施和師資遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足大批農(nóng)民工子女的需求,。幸運的是,,農(nóng)民工子女的教育已成為政府議事日程上優(yōu)先處理的問題。
with the acceleration of urbanization, an increasing number of migrant workers settle down in the bring their children along with them to the cities, with the hope of their children receiving better r, the migrants find the reality is not as promising as theyve facilities and faculties in the urban public schools are far from enough to meet the needs of the big group of migrant y, the education problem of the migrant children has become a priority on the governments agenda.20 杭州市擁有世界上最大的公用自行車系統(tǒng)(bike sharing system),。目前杭州市共有2 700個公用自行車租賃站點,,共計66 500輛車。計劃至2020年,,公共自行車的數(shù)量將增至175 000輛,。租用自行車需要智能卡(smart card),可在任意站點租車,、在任意站點還車,。租車騎行1小時內(nèi)免費,1小時以上則按每小時1元收費,。公用自行車系統(tǒng)對緩解杭州市的交通擁堵(congestion)起到了很大的作用,。
with 66 500 bikes in 2 700 renting stations in the city now, hangzhou owns the largest bike sharing system in the plans to increase to 175 000 bikes by renting a bike, one needs a smart can rent a bike and return it at any users can ride for free for the first hour and pay 1 yuan per hour for the extra system is of great help to relieve the traffic congestion in hangzhou city.
英語四級句子翻譯帶語法解析篇五
英語四級考試翻譯技巧綜述
現(xiàn)代翻譯理論認(rèn)為,句子是最重要的翻譯單位,。大學(xué)英語四級考試中的翻譯題型也是以句子翻譯為主,。考生如果能夠熟練掌握句子翻譯的基本方法,,那么對于處理四級考試中的句子翻譯題必將是如虎添翼,。
考題分析:
分值:5%
時間:5 mintues
題型:漢譯英,根據(jù)漢語提示補譯五個不完整的英文句子,,要求翻譯的英文句意正確,,表達(dá)
清楚??碱}相對來說不難,,原因有三:
其一,考題只考查漢譯英,,沒有英譯漢,。大學(xué)英語精讀教材中,每課都有漢譯英譯句練習(xí),,應(yīng)該是學(xué)生非常熟悉的題型;
其二,,內(nèi)容單純,不需要專業(yè)理論知識,。題目內(nèi)容既沒有高難度的新聞翻譯,、文學(xué)翻譯,也不涉及科技經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯中的專業(yè)知識,,只是一般的短句翻譯,,沒有大主題語境,,也談不上翻譯的“信,、達(dá),、雅”標(biāo)準(zhǔn); 第三,,名為翻譯,,實為補全句子,考查語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞組運用知識,。每句只涉及15個左右的英語詞,,需添入的部分也只有3到8個單詞,其中隱含著四級水平考生應(yīng)當(dāng)掌握的句型,、語法,、詞組知識點。解題步驟:
1.認(rèn)真審題,,正確理解題意,。
審題時,一定要注意一些涉及比較或是副詞的表達(dá),,以免翻譯時有所遺漏,。
2.下筆翻譯以前要先思考該題的語法點:
要不要使用詞組或句式,有沒有固定搭配,,是否包含從句,,動詞應(yīng)用什么時態(tài).根據(jù)以往考題總結(jié),翻譯部分考察的語法點只要有:定語從句,,狀語從句,,倒裝句,強調(diào)句,,虛擬語氣,,非謂語動詞和獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),句子的時態(tài)與主謂一致問題,。
3.答題時若遇到不會的單詞或表達(dá)式,,要學(xué)會根據(jù)題意,靈活處理,,只要譯文的意思與題目的要求相一致就可以,。
4.最后要檢查一遍譯文,重點檢查主謂是否一致,,代詞與介詞的使用是否正確,,動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)使用是否正確,名次單復(fù)數(shù)是否正確
我們可以根據(jù)以下五個樣題例句內(nèi)容來推測可能考查的知識點:
substance does not dissolve in water _______________(不管是否加熱),。
本句意為:不管是否加熱,,這種物質(zhì)都不會溶解于水,。
前半句所給的信息并不重要,考生憑四級詞匯知識可以理解substance(物質(zhì))和dissolve(溶解)兩個單詞的意義,??紤]提示部分的漢語,“不管…是否…”即“whether… or …”,,很容易找到這個對應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu),。關(guān)鍵點在于對“加熱”的理解,是主動還是被動處理,,從上下文意義推斷出是water被加熱,,所以我們采用被動方式,即whether(it is)heated or not,,填入部分作讓步狀語從句,,it is可以被省略。
考查重點:
從句知識:尤其讓步狀語從句,,注意復(fù)習(xí)whether… or…, though, no matter how等表達(dá)的用法,。分詞用法:注意辨別現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,同時考慮動詞被動語態(tài)的運用,。
only ___________________(他向我收費過高),,but he didn’t do a good repair job either.本句意為:他不但向我收費過高,而且東西修理得不怎么樣,。
本句中要考慮兩個層面,,首先是動詞“收費”的對應(yīng)詞,應(yīng)當(dāng)是“charge”,?!斑^高”則往往使用too high或too much, 由于主體內(nèi)容是金錢而不是溫度,我們用經(jīng)常搭配的“much”,。更加巧妙的用詞是“overcharge”,,恰好可以把意思?xì)w并到一起。還要考慮的是本句中“not only…but…”結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)了否定詞前置到句首的現(xiàn)象,,自然是倒裝句的標(biāo)志,。結(jié)合后半句的一般過去時形式,我們不得不把助動詞did提煉出來,,按照倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成“not only did he charge me too much”或者“not only did he overcharge me”,。
考查重點:
倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu)中的否定詞前置現(xiàn)象。
類似的知識點還要注意never/neither/hardly/scarcely等否定詞在句首的倒裝情況,。
losses in trade this year are nothing ______________________(與我的相比),。
本句意為“你在生意中的損失與我的相比不值一題?!?/p>
翻譯時有兩個知識點容易出錯,,首先,,“與…相比”考查詞組知識,四級程度同學(xué)應(yīng)當(dāng)掌握“compared with”或者“in comparison with”, 但常有考生把 “compare with”與“compare to”(把…比做)混淆,,或者沒有考慮過去分詞形式,。此外,“我的”應(yīng)當(dāng)使用物主代詞所有格“mine”,,此處不宜寫成“my losses”,。考查重點:
詞組知識:需要考生把握大批類似compare with以及名詞形式in comparison with的詞組或短語,,其中固定搭配需要使用的介詞/副詞非常重要。
分詞形式:在句子中做修飾成分與前者構(gòu)成主動被動關(guān)系至關(guān)重要,。
average, it is said, visitors spend only _____________________(一半的錢)in a day in leeds as in london.本句意為:據(jù)說,,游客平均一天在利茲花掉的錢只有在倫敦的一半那么多。
顯然本句在拿as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)做文章,。因為是比較關(guān)系,,把在leeds和在london的費用做比較,所以后半句有明確的“as”一詞,??杖辈糠质且?“as”,還要有 “half”和“money”。關(guān)鍵是次序如何調(diào)理,。根據(jù)比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的倍數(shù)原則,,倍數(shù)數(shù)字放在最開始,接下去有關(guān)于量的as much+n.+as, 因此本句要填入 “half as much money”,。
考查重點:
比較結(jié)構(gòu):本句考查同級比較中的倍數(shù)關(guān)系,,類似表達(dá)還有twice as much(many)as…
contrast, american mothers were more likely__________________(把孩子的成功歸因于)natural talent.本句意為:相比較,美國的母親們更可能把孩子的成功歸因于天賦,。
本句再次在詞組方面進(jìn)行考查,,“把…歸因于…”是大學(xué)英語四級考查率極高的一個語言點,有時表達(dá)因果關(guān)系最復(fù)雜的動詞詞組,。應(yīng)當(dāng)熟練把握 “attribute…to…”的拼寫和用法,。此外,不要忽略另外一個詞的用法,“be likely to …”表示“容易”,、“可能”等意義,,稍不小心就會把to漏掉??傊?,需要填入的部分拼貼在一起就是“to attribute their children’s success to”。
考查重點:
動詞詞組,,表示因果關(guān)系的attribute… to…,。
需要熟練掌握用法的還有l(wèi)ead to, result in, result from, be to blame for, be responsible for,。
另外,還要學(xué)會使用拼寫類似的詞組contribute to,,表示“有助于,,對…做出貢獻(xiàn)”。
如果仔細(xì)研究以上樣題的考點,,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)新四級在放棄專門的詞匯語法結(jié)構(gòu)題型后,,把相關(guān)知識點設(shè)置到了其它的幾種題型中,那么我們辛辛苦苦準(zhǔn)備的倒裝句,、虛擬語氣,、分詞、從句,、詞組仍然有用武之地,,所以準(zhǔn)備新四級千萬不要與以往的知識割裂。所謂的“萬變不離其宗”,,如果我們熟練掌握四級大綱規(guī)定的詞匯,、詞組、語法知識,,并且活學(xué)活用,,就不會被千變?nèi)f化的題型嚇倒。
常用的句子翻譯方法:正反,、反正表達(dá)法,,分句、合句法,。
由于民族文化和思維方式不同,,英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)同一概念時所采用的方式就有所不同。在表達(dá)否定概念時,,英語和漢語使用的詞匯,、語法、語言邏輯就有很大的差異,。漢語中有些詞,、短語或者句子是從反面表達(dá)的,而譯成英語時則需要從正面進(jìn)行表達(dá),,如例
1,、例
2、例3,。反之,,漢語中有些從正面表達(dá)的詞、短語或者句子,,譯成英語時需要從反面進(jìn)行表達(dá),,如例
4,、例
5、例6,。此外,,漢語還有一些特殊的句子結(jié)構(gòu),如雙重否定(例7),、否定轉(zhuǎn)移(例8)在譯成英語時也需要引起我們的注意,。
i.漢語從反面表達(dá),譯文從正面表達(dá)
例1:他提出的論據(jù)相當(dāng)不充實,。
譯文:the argument he put forward is pretty thin.例2:我們確信,,年輕一代將不會辜負(fù)我們的信任。
譯文:we are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.例3:他七十歲了,,可是并不顯老,。
譯文:he was 70, but he carried his years .漢語從正面表達(dá),譯文從反面表達(dá)
例4:他這個人優(yōu)柔寡斷,,而且總是反復(fù)無常。
譯文:he was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.例5:調(diào)查結(jié)果清清楚楚地顯示病人死于心臟病,。
譯文:the investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease.例6:這類舉動遲早會被人發(fā)覺的,。
譯文:such actions couldn’t long escape .特殊的否定句式
例7:有利必有弊。
譯文:there is not any advantage without disadvantage.例8:我們在那個城市從未因為是猶太人而遭受歧視,。
譯文:in that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were jews.很多情況下,,翻譯句子的時候,需要調(diào)整原來的句子結(jié)構(gòu),,分句法和合句法是調(diào)整原文句子的兩種重要的方法,。所謂分句法就是把原文的一個簡單句譯為兩個或兩個以上的句子。所謂合句法就是把原文兩個或兩個以上的簡單句或一個復(fù)合句譯成一個單句,。
i.分句法
漢譯英時,,需要分譯的句子多數(shù)是長句,或者是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的復(fù)句,。這種句子如果譯成一個長句,,就會使譯文冗長、累贅,、意思表達(dá)不清楚,,也不符合英文習(xí)慣。如果采用分譯,,則會使譯文簡潔,、易懂、層次分明,。如以下五個例子:
例1.少年是一去不復(fù)返的,,等到精力衰竭時,,要做學(xué)問也來不及了。(按內(nèi)容層次分譯)
譯文: youth will soon be gone,,never to it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.例2.她隔窗望去,,突然發(fā)現(xiàn)有只小船停泊在河邊,船里有位船夫睡得正香,。(從主語變換處分譯)
譯文: looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the it there was a boatman fast .合句法
英漢兩種語言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完全相同,,盡管英語句子日趨簡潔,但是從句套從句,,短語含短語的句型也是頻頻出現(xiàn),。一般而言,一個英語句子的信息包含量要大于一個漢語句子,,因此,,我們在做漢譯英的時候,常常把漢語的兩個句子,,甚至更多句子,,合譯成英語的一句。使用合句法還可以使譯文緊湊,、簡練,。如以下三個例子: 例:一代人與一代人之間的沖突,也就是年輕人與老年人的沖突,,似乎是最可笑的,。因為這就是現(xiàn)在的自己與將來的自己,或者說過去的自己與現(xiàn)在的自己的沖突,。(在關(guān)聯(lián)詞處合譯)
譯文:a conflict between the generations between youth and age seems the most stupid, for it is one between oneself as one is and oneself as one will be, or between oneself as one was and oneself as one is.