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2022年考研英語閱讀真題訓練電子版附答案全解
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
1. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to
[A] enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility.
[B] help corporations achieve larger profits.
[C] build a new system of financial regulation.
[D] guarantee the bonuses of top executives.
2. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
[A] the conditions for generating quick profits.
[B] governments’ impatience indecision-making.
[C] the solid structure of publicly traded companies.
[D] “short-termism” in economic activities.
3. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies canbe
[A] indirect.
[B] adverse.
[C] minimal.
[D] temporary.
4. The US and France examples are used to illustrate
[A] the obstacles to preventing“short-termism”.
[B] the significance of long-term thinking.
[C] the approaches to promoting“long-termism”.
[D] the prevalence of short-term thinking.
5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
[B] Patience as a Corporate Virtue
[C] Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
[D] Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
難度：容易
導讀：當前經(jīng)濟活動中短期主義盛行,、危害經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,；企業(yè)應進行長遠決策， 為后代建立更強健的經(jīng)濟,。脈絡：引入“英國銀行業(yè)監(jiān)管新規(guī)”并說明其長遠目的“使企業(yè)做出更多長遠 決策,，為后代建立更強健的經(jīng)濟"（第一段）——剖析當前社會現(xiàn)象:上市公司中短期主義盛行（第二至四 段）一提出削弱短期主義、鼓勵長期主義的方法,，肯定英國新規(guī)（第五至七段）,。
單詞：
regulator 監(jiān)管人，監(jiān)管機構(gòu)
impose 強制推行,，強制實行
guaranteed 有保證的
clawback （政府或機構(gòu)）收回（已給出的錢）
financial institution 金融機構(gòu)
worsen 惡化
publicly traded company 上市公司
giant偉人,，卓越人物
classical economics古典經(jīng)濟學
pick sth out of sth 把...從...中挖走/ 剔除
put sth aside省下，留出
transient 短暫的,，轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的
customer loyalty顧客忠誠
dub 把...稱為,，給...起綽號
equity (分享紅利而非固定股息的)股票
attention span注意力的持續(xù)時間
predominance 主導地位
defer 推遲
performance bonus 績效獎金
disclosure 披露
acquisition 收購
shareholder 股東
長難句：
1.He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
翻譯：他援引古典經(jīng)濟學巨匠阿爾弗雷德-馬歇爾之言， 把這種“經(jīng)濟上的急躁”形容成就像是“從布丁里把葡萄干揀出馬上吃掉的孩子"一樣行事,， 而非先把葡萄干放到一邊,，留到最后再吃。
分析：句子主干為He quotes a giant of classical economics,但核心信息在狀語部分in describing. . . as...,，狀語以比喻修辭闡明“經(jīng)濟上的無耐心(this financial impatience)”內(nèi)涵：rather than 取舍結(jié)構(gòu)以“從布丁中揀出葡萄干馬上吃掉VS留著葡萄干最后吃”形象明確其所指“注重眼前利益,，忽視長期回報"。
2. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.
翻譯：短暫投資者——那些要求從公司獲得高額季度收益的投資者——會阻礙公司投資長期研究或者增進客戶忠誠的努力,。
分析：句子主干為 Transient investors can hinder a firm's efforts, who 定語從句說明 Transient investors行為傾向,，后置定語詳述“（被短暫投資者所阻礙的）兩大長期投資方向”。
答案解析：
1.細節(jié)理解題,。第一段③句指出,，新規(guī)主要目的是讓銀行家對有害冒險負責，并重建公眾信任,，概括即 為增強銀行家的責任感,，［A］正確。
2.細節(jié)理解題。二段首先指出,，Andrew Haldane提岀上市公司中“短期主義”(“ Short-termism”)加劇,。隨后指出他援引Alfred Marshall之言，將"這種經(jīng)濟上的煩躁(this financial impatience)”形容為“從布丁里揀出葡萄干馬上吃掉的孩子行為”,?？梢妕his financial impatience與Short-termism同指，援引 Marshall之言意在形象說明經(jīng)濟行為中的“短期主義”,，［D］正確,。
3.推理判斷題。第三段②句指出,，短暫投資者會妨礙公司投資長期研究或提升客戶忠誠度,。第四段②句 也指出：短期主義思維盛行的代價是長期投資受損?？梢姸虝盒屯顿Y的影響是消極的,、不利的，［B］正確,。
4. 細節(jié)理解題,。第五段指出，美國施行《薩班斯一奧克斯利法案》使得短期主義稍有削弱,。第六段則先指出鼓勵長期主義的方法還有很多,，隨后例舉法國舉措。綜合可知,，文中舉美國和法國事例是為了說明 “削弱短期主義,、增進長期主義的方法”，［C］正確,。
5. 主旨大意題,。文首段引入“英國銀行業(yè)監(jiān)管新規(guī)''并說明其長遠目的“讓銀行及其他所有企業(yè)能夠做 出更長遠的決策，為后代建立更強健的經(jīng)濟”,。第二至四段剖析現(xiàn)狀“上市公司中短期主義盛行”并明確 其消極影響,。第五至七段則說明削弱短期主義、鼓勵長期主義的方法,，可見,，文章旨在倡導企業(yè)奉行長期主義、多些耐心,，以為后代建立更強健的經(jīng)濟,，［B］正確。
怎么樣,？是不是發(fā)現(xiàn)此文考研英語真題例句不像一般例句那樣過于簡單化,，所以多看看真題例句，尤其是那些復雜一點的，在背單詞的同時還可以提高長難句分析能力,。最重要的是,，通過真題例句，你可以體會到這個單詞在真題中具體是如何考查的(這是真題例句最大的優(yōu)勢,，其它例句則不行),，通過真題例句記，因為有具體的語境,，記憶也會更深刻,。
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